VARGAL SARASVATI TEMPLE

VARGAL SARASVATI TEMPLE

Vargal Temple of SARASWATI DEVI AND LORD SHANI 48 KMS FROM HYDERABAD AP INDIA
48 kilometers from Hyderabad the village of Vergal.
Vergal has famous Sri Vidya Saraswathi temple which is situated or the pictorial background in which has a unique rock formation and a valley around this hill.
Here one temple was dedicated to lord Shani seperately with a big statue measuring around 3 feet in high which is one of the biggest statue of the lord sheni in Andhra Pradesh. The hillock of Vergal has multiple temples on the same hill.
1. Sri Lakshmi Ganapathi Temple
2. Sri Vidya Saraswati temple
3. Lord Shenishwara Temple
4. Lord Shiva Temple
5. Few Vishnava Temples now completely damaged without any mola vigrahas in it.
This temple complex was a brain child of Sri Yamavaram Chandrashekhara Sharma scholared follower of goddesses Saraswathi astrologer and a vastu experter. Being a business man he has multi faceted activities to his credit.
In 1998 the building process for the above temple was activated under the group who called themselves as Satya patam seva samethi. This committee has started searching for a convenient place to built a temple. Ultimately they selected the hillock of Vergal were 400 years old Shambu Deva Temple was situated. This temple is 2 feet below the ground level and one has to pass crawling of the ground for few feets to reach the main Shiva lingam. Sorrounding this temple were two ancient Vaishnaya Temples which were built during or before the Kakatiya rulers. There is a big Victory Pillar made of rock which is around 30 feet in height. The Vicotry Pillar has the statues of SitaRama Lakshmana, Goddesses Lakshmi and entwined couple of snakes.
On Vasantha Panchami of 1989 the Bhoomi pooja was performed and the foundation stone was laid for the temple of Sri Saraswathi Devi.
It should be noted on this day they had only Rs. 2700 only.When they started propagating about the process of building Saraswathi Temple of donations poured in as a flood. In this way the construction process continued without any hindrance with the help of Lord Saraswathi.
On 1992 Magashudda Trayodashi Pushpagiri petadipate Sri Sri Sri Vidya Nrusinha Bharati Swamy has laid the foundation to the statues of Goddesses Sri Vidya Saraswathi Devi and Lord Sheni statues in a temple. This temple was later dedicated to Kanchi Petam and a Vedic Patashala was started in 1999 by Sri Shankara Vijaya Saraswathi of Kanchi Petam and Lakshmi Ganapathi was inaugarated in 2001.
The Expenditure crossed 1 crore of the rupees for building this temple. The temple has 13 and half acres of land on the east side were a park, library, hospital were planned in their future expansion. Every day 100 of people were given free food to come to visit the temple at a big dining hall in the temple complex.
During Dussehra period 1000's of devotees visit the temple every day.
The Dussehra temple starts with Vigneshwara Pooja.
Maha Abishekam
Navaratri Kalasha Sthapana
Chathu Sha shatyu pachara pooja, Arathi, Mantha Pushpam, Kukumarchana were performed.
Laksha pooja Archana
Pustaka Roopini Saraswathi Pooja
Ashtothara Shathakalasha Abishekam
On the last day of Vijayadarshanam of the goddesses Saraswati is decorated for devotees.
Pooja for Lord Sheni
Special pooja will be performed on every Sheni Trayodashi which comes on the saturday.
The poojas for Lord Shani were start on 5 A.m. in the morning which start with Ganapathi pooja and Japam, Homam will be performed with Tarpana to Lord Sheni. The Lord Sheni will be worshipped with oil called as Taila Abishekam. The Homam for Lord Sheni will be ended at 12:00 noon with Poornahuthi, Arathi etc.,This is a very big event for this temple which attract 1000's of devotees from all over A.P and other places of India.
Some special poojas were performed at Vargal Saraswathi temple were Chandi Homam which is a special event here. for more details contact musham@gmail.com
website: courtesy http://indianbanknotes.blogspot.com/
Musham Rekha and Musham Damodhar
Musham Adarsh, youngest stamp collector and map reader in the World.

Stamps of INDIAN culture,mythology,arts,monuments,

Stamps of INDIAN culture,mythology,arts,monuments,persons

Stamps of INDIAN culture,mythology,arts,monuments,persons

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3500years old Cover and letter made of CLAY from Sumeria

3500years old Cover and letter made of CLAY from Sumeria

3500years old Cover and letter made of CLAY from Sumeria

Cover and letter on clay tablet with crunieform inscription of Akkadians,found in Sumerian region is 3500years old.Even in this time court Judgments were given in sealed cover,the Difference is Clay cover and document are not of paper but of CLAY baked ofter writing and was signed by TWO JUDGES BENCH,the the petitioners are nine village heads,with seals of Judges,an Museum collection[OIM]
This is the First example of writing,postal system,Judiciary,etc

The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Created by the Sumerian’s from ca. 3000 BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. Over time, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract.
The cuneiform writing system originated perhaps around 2800 BC in Sumer; its latest surviving use is dated to 75 AD.
The cuneiform script underwent considerable changes over a period of more than two millennia.
Cuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform .
The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets.
The characters consist of arrangements of wedgelike strokes generally impressed with a stylus on wet clay tablets, which were then dried or baked. The history of the script is strikingly parallel to that of the Egyptian hieroglyphic The normal Babylonian and Assyrian writing used a large number (300–600) of arbitrary cuneiform symbols for words and syllables; some had been originally pictographic. There was an alphabetic system, too, making it possible to spell a word out, but because of the adaptation from Sumerian, a different language, there were many ambiguities. A single symbol could be used to represent a concept, an object, a simple sound or syllable, or to indicate the category of words requiring additional definition. Cuneiform writing was used outside Mesopotamia also, notably in Elam and by the Hittites. There are many undeciphered cuneiform inscriptions, apparently representing several different languages. Cuneiform writing declined in use after the Persian conquest of Babylonia (539 B.C.), and after a brief renaissance (3d–1st cent. B.C.) ceased to be used in Mesopotamia.

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flat wall type front for AEROPLANE,Rustproof Ironpillar of 400AD flat wall type front for AEROPLANE,Rustproof Ironpillar of 400AD See flat wall type

flat wall type front for AEROPLANE,Rustproof Ironpillar of 400AD

See flat wall type front for AEROPLANE,Rustproof Ironpillar of 400AD;MY hobbiesPhilately, Numismatics,Epigraphy,Ancient Science,Pyretics,Metallurgy,Astronomy,Vaastu,Mathematics,geography,Mythology,ancient coins, gods,Telugu cinema,HISTORY OF Playing Cards. Stamps. Coins, Currency notes ,HISTORY OF BANKING ,Rulers,India,Sciences,vedic literature,echo sound,Forts,Hyderabad.BHUDDHISM,SOUTH INDIA,satavahana,Coins of BHUDDHA,Banking,BANK OF BENGAL,TEMPLES,ANDHRA,WONDERS, radio DXING collect QSLcards,history of handloom textiles,Islamic science from QURAN and others texts of 10 Century AD
TEMPLES,ANDHRA,WONDERS,

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flat wall type front for AEROPLANE,Rustproof Ironpillar of 400AD

watermachine bow shooting as by arjuna,FUNNY here KRISHNA shoots arrow seeing in water,Hally comet described in hidu astronomical textbooks,bhutan vastu,ASHWAGHOSA in combodian stamp,Egyptian link with indian scriptures,son the list goes on here are the proofs on official govt issued postal stamps,which no one can challenge.KRISHNA SHOOTING MATYSAYANTRA ANY ONE CAN BELIEVE,YES SEE IT ON THE STAMP OF INDIAN POSTS.

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Islamic Science and Development history,In Quran View.

Islamic Science and Development history,In Quran View.

In the history of science, Islamic science refers to the science developed under Islamic civilization between the 8th and 15th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age. It is also known as Arabic science since the majority of texts during this period were written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization. Despite these terms, not all scientists during this period were Muslim or Arab, as there were a number of notable non-Arab scientists (most notably Persians), as well as some non-Muslim scientists, who contributed to scientific studies in the Islamic world.

A number of modern scholars such as Fielding H. Garrison,Bertrand Russell, Abdus Salam and Hossein Nasr consider modern science and the scientific method to have been greatly influenced by Muslim scientists who introduced a modern empirical, experimental and quantitative approach to scientific inquiry. Some scholars, notably Donald Routledge Hill, Ahmad Y Hassan, Abdus Salam,and George Saliba, have referred to their achievements as a Muslim scientific revolution, though this does not contradict the traditional view of the Scientific Revolution which is still supported by most scholars

According to many historians, science in Islamic civilization flourished until the 14th century AD.

Islam and the development of science

Whether Islamic culture has promoted or hindered scientific advancement is disputed. Islamists such as Sayyid Qutb argue that since “Islam appointed” Muslims “as representatives of God and made them responsible for learning all the sciences,science cannot but prosper in a society of true Muslims. Many “classical and modern

the history of Islamic sciencethe history of Islamic science,CREATION STORY,400 years old historical mosque at Hyderabad

sources agree that the Qur’an condones, even encourages the acquisition of science and scientific knowledge, and urges humans to reflect on the natural phenomena as signs of God’s creation.” Some scientific instruments produced in classical times in the Islamic world were inscribed with Qur’anic citations. Many Muslims agree that doing science is an act of religious merit, even a collective duty of the Muslim community

Others say traditional interpretations of Islam are not compatible with the development of science. Author Rodney Stark, explains Islam’s lag behind the West in scientific advancement after (roughly) 1500 AD to opposition by traditional ulema to efforts to formulate systematic explanation of natural phenomenon with “natural laws.” They believed such laws were blasphemous because they limit “Allah’s freedom to act” as He wishes. This principle was enshired in aya 14:4: “Allah sendeth whom He will astray, and guideth whom He will,” which (they believed) applied to all of creation not just humanity.

In the early twentieth century ulema forbade the learning of foreign languages and dissection of human bodies in the medical school in Iran. The ulama at the Islamic university of Al-Azhar in Cairo taught the Ptolemaic astronomical system (in which the sun circles the earth) until compelled to adopt the Copernican system by the Egyptian government in 1961.

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PiriReis map of USA,southamerica,Antarctica before Columbus,

PiriReis map of USA,southamerica,Antarctica before Columbus,

Ancient map with antarctica,americas,without ice cap.

The map is a famous pre-modern world map created by 16th century Ottoman-Turkish admiral and cartographer Reis. The map shows part of the western coasts of Europe and North Africa with reasonable accuracy, and the coast of Brazil is also easily recognizable. Various Atlantic islands including the Azores and Canary Islands are depicted, as is the mythical island of Antillia. The map is noteworthy for its depiction of a southern landmass that some controversially claim is evidence for early awareness of the existence of Antarctica

What fascinate me most are the marginal notes on the accounts of the pioneer seamen who have taken part in the discovery of the places shown on the map.

These coasts are named the shores of Antilia. They were discovered in the year 896 of the Arab calendar.

There are many difficulties in the map of South America, including duplication of rivers, and the continent’s southern end allegedly merging with an ice-free Antarctica. Close examination of the coastline supports the alternative theory that the “extra” landmass is simply the South American coast, probably explored in secret by Portuguese navigators, and bent round to fit the parchment. There are features resembling the basins at the mouth of the Strait of Magellan, and the Falkland Islands;also the annotations on the map itself, stating that this region is hot and inhabited by large snakes do not fit with the likely climate and fauna in Antarctica in the 1500s. Similarly the map states that “spring comes early” to the islands off the coast, which is true of the Falkland Islands but not of any islands close to the Antarctic mainland.

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PiriReis map of USA,southamerica,Antarctica before Columbus,

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Congress party was born in,Madras,

Congress party was born in,Madras,

The birth of the Indian National Congress, perhaps the

oldest and the biggest democratic organisation in the

world, did not take place in an atmosphere of a fanfare

of trumpets nor did it create a stir by passing flamboyant

resolution

Annie Besant also toured the country amid created a

lot of enthusiasm among the people for the national cause.

Her articles in the Commonweal and New India

were very popular. C.Y. Chintamani says: �

Annie Besant stirred the country by tile spoken as

well as the written word, as scarcely as ally one

else could do.� Annie Besant�s work was

particularly among the Women of India who

showed ��uncalculating heroism, endurance

and tile selfless sacrifice of the feminine nature.

The British Government could not be expected

to keep quiet in the face of a stir created by the

Home Rule Leagues and their leaders and it

decided to curb the activities of those leaders

who were in the forefront of the movement.

The existing statutes were tightened. There was

already an ordinance to prevent tile entry of

undesirable aliens into India. The Defence of India

Act, 1915 superseded the ordinary criminal law

of country and action under it could be taken

against agitators. The provisions of the Indian

Press Act 1910 were strictly enforced to stop

the propaganda of the Home Rule Leaguers.

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history of congress leaders

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Edward VII is oldest person to be crowned as king

Edward VII is oldest person to be crowned as king

British royal family from Edward VII,charles,Diana,GeorgeVI,Queen Elizabeth

British royal family from Edward VII,charles,Diana,GeorgeVI,Queen Elizabeth,

The name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha came to the British Royal Family in 1840 with the marriage of Queen Victoria to Prince Albert, son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha. Queen Victoria herself remained a member of the House of Hanover.

The only British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was King Edward VII, who reigned for nine years at the beginning of the modern age in the early years of the twentieth century.

King George V replaced the German-sounding title with that of Windsor during the First World War. The name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha survived in other European monarchies, including the current Belgian Royal Family and the former monarchies of Portugal and Bulgaria.

Prince Edward was 59 years and two months old when he became king.

Marriage and family:

Edward married Alexandra, daughter of the king of Denmark on 10 March 1863 at Windsor Castle. The couple had six children. Their second child, Prince George, became King George V. Prince George and his father were very close. Edward wrote in 1894, ‘we are more like brothers than father and son.’

Edward spent most of his life waiting to be king. From the moment of his birth in 1841, his place in British society was as heir apparent to the throne. He had to wait nearly sixty years before taking up his role. As such, he did not have much time to make an impression as king. Despite this, it appears that Edward was remembered fondly. ‘The Edwardian age’ refers to his reign and after the long reign of his mother, it was a time of some change and excitement.

As heir to the throne, Edward undertook several notable engagements. He opened the Thames Embankment in 1871, the Mersey Tunnel in 1886 and Tower Bridge in 1894. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Housing, established in 1884, President of the Royal Society of Arts and was instrumental in the founding of the Royal College of Music.

As king, Edward became known as the ‘Uncle of Europe’, such were his regular visits to a number of European monarchs in an effort to foster good relations and co-operation. It was through such efforts that the Entente Cordiale was signed between Britain and France in 1904.

King Edward founded the Order of Merit in 1902 to recognise exceptional distinction in the arts, science and literature as well as in military and naval affairs.

Edward is one of the oldest people to come to the throne in the whole of British history at the age of 59 years and 2 months. He is the oldest Prince of Wales ever to have become king. Prince Charles has been heir to the throne for 52 years since Queen Elizabeth II’s accession in 1952

Brahmi older than ASHOKA used in ceylon from 800BC

Brahmi older than ASHOKA used in ceylon from 800BC

The Brahmi Script from which all Indic scripts are

derived appeared suddenly and dramatically during

the reign of Asoka, the Mauryan emperor ~250 B.C.

(Salomon, 1995).
Brahmi Inscription – Kusumadasasya(Flowers servant)

- Click to Enlarge
There is no material evidence of any script being used

in the Indian subcontinent until this time. Of course,

ancient writings on parchment, bark and cloth would

not be expected to survive any length of time in the

Indian climate. Strikingly, no supporting evidence

in the form of writing instruments or images of scribes

(e.g., ancient Egypt) have been found, either.

So when and where did Brahmi arise?
There are 3 theories:

1. The Ancient Indian Theory: The Brahmi writing

system predates the Mauryas and evolved in India

without any outside influence.

2. The Mesopotamian Theory: Commerce with

ancient Babylon exposed Indian traders to Aramaic

scripts which they then adapted into Brahmi.

3. The Mauryan Theory: Asoka invented a new

script with the help of the “learned Pandits” at his court.

1. The Ancient Indian Theory: >1000-500 BC
We do have evidence that writing and scripts

were known before Asoka. The early grammarians,

Panini and Katayana, refer to scribes and “yavana-lipi”

(loosely translated as the “script of the Greeks”).

Evidence of scripts is also hinted at by the early

Buddhist Canon. The Buddha, who often provides

good social commentary on life circa 450 BC in the

Indo-Gangetic plains, specifically prohibited members

of his Order from playing a children’s “Lettering” game,

where “letters are traced in the air, or on a

play-fellow’s back”.

One could argue on end about the impossibility of the

existence of a grammatical tradition from ‘old’ Gargi

to Panini without any scripts. However, these savants

were trained to know “by heart” the vast corpus of

Sanskrit literature. Writing may not have been

important. Moreover, severe doctrinal diktats

were in force to keep knowledge a secret (rahasya)

and to never divulge it to ‘impure minds’. Therefore,

if pre-Asokan writing and scripts did exist, they

may have been concealed. Until we have more

evidence we can only speculate – history being

about facts rather than plausibility.

2. The Mesopotamian Theory 800 – 700 BC:
Trading contacts existed between South India

and Babylon. Besides artifacts, South Indian

words for the traded goods entered the local

language in Mesopotamia – rice, ivory, apes and

peacocks. It is possible that the Aramaic script used

in Mesopotamia was modified for Indian purposes

during this cultural encounter (Rhys Davids, 1903).

Ancient Aramiac is a terse language with barely any

vowels, which are “assumed” from knowledge of the

language. Georg Bühler (1896) painstakingly studied

congruences between Aramaic and Brahmi.

He suggested that many of the alphabets were

simple reversals of the Aramaic script for writing

from left-to-right – Aramaic, itself, being written

from right-to-left. (Note that there have been

examples on Brahmi on coins being

written right-to-left.) (more…)

Vedas and Saraswati culture

Vedas and Saraswati culture

The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts in the

world dating from c. 1500-500BCE. Most Indologists

agree that an oral tradition existed long before a

literary tradition tentatively may have been set in

(in one shakha, Kanva) from about the 1st century BCE;

however it was again superseded by oral tradition

until c. 1000 CE.^[14] Due to the ephemeral nature of

the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves),

surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few

hundred years.^[15] The Benares Sanskrit University

has a Rigveda manuscript of the mid-14th century,

however, there are a number of older Veda manuscripts

in Nepal belonging to the Vajasaneyi tradition that

are dated from the 11th century onwards.

The Vedic period lasts for about a millennium,

spanning the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.

Gavin Flood^[16] sums up mainstream estimates,

according to which the Rigveda was compiled from

as early as 1500 BCE over a period of several centuries.

The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the

composition of the mantra texts, with the

establishment of the various shakhas all over

Northern India which annotated the mantra s

amhitas with Brahmana discussions of their

meaning, and reaches its end in the age of Buddha

and Panini and the rise of the Mahajanapadas

(archaeologically, Northern Black Polished Ware).

Michael Witzel gives a time span of c. 1500 BCE to

c. 500-400 BCE. Witzel makes special reference to

the Mitanni material of ca. 1400 BCE as the only

epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan that may date to

the Rigvedic period. However Mitanni Indo-Aryan

is linguistically slightly older than the language of

the Rigveda, and the comparison thus still does not

allow for an absolute dating of any Vedic text.

He gives 150 BCE (Patanjali) as a terminus ante

quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200

BCE (the early Iron Age) as terminus post quem

for the Atharvaveda

Rgveda,vedas,saraswati cuture

World and Andhra dancing history

World and Andhra dancing history

dancing of Andhra style 1 13-14C ADdancing of Andhra style 1 13-14C AD

後悔される革新、inconveinence の下の 場所。

このセクションの情報のためのmusham@gmail.com で私達に連絡し

なさい 旅行の協同に Yo u に感謝しなさい

Numisphilately とa のncient 科学のあなたのs の友人

91+09441816605 Musham Damodhar musham@gmail.com

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Место под сожаленной РЕНОВАЦИЕЙ, inconveinence.

свяжитесь мы на musham@gmail.com для информации в

этом

разделе

Возблагодарите Yo у для сотрудничества путешествия

Ваш друг с в науке Numisphilately и а ncient

musham damodhar, 91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com

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Local sob o rENOVATION, inconveinence lamentado.

contatar-nos em musham@gmail.com para a informação

nesta seção Obrigado

Seu amigo em Numisphilately e na ciência antiga

musham damodhar91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com

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Site under RENOVATION,inconveinence regretted.

contact us at musham@gmail.com for information in this

section

Thank YOu

Yours friend in Numisphilately and ancient Science

musham damodhar91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com

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on at 7:17 am Leave a Comment Edit This
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Temple Architecture Wonder

Temple Architecture Wonder

Round stoneslab designs as on Lathe machineRound stoneslab designs as on Lathe 後悔される革新、inconveinence の下の 場所。 このセクションの情報のためのmusham@gmail.com で私達に連絡しなさい 旅行の協同に Yo u に感謝しなさい Numisphilately とa のncient 科学のあなたのs の友人 91+09441816605 Musham Damodhar musham@gmail.com ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Место под сожаленной РЕНОВАЦИЕЙ, inconveinence. свяжитесь мы на musham@gmail.com для информации в этом разделе Возблагодарите Yo у для сотрудничества путешествия Ваш друг с в науке Numisphilately и а ncient musham damodhar, 91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com ###################################################### Local sob o rENOVATION, inconveinence lamentado. contatar-nos em musham@gmail.com para a informação nesta seção Obrigado Seu amigo em Numisphilately e na ciência antiga musham damodhar91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Site under RENOVATION,inconveinence regretted. contact us at musham@gmail.com for information in this section Thank YOu Yours friend in Numisphilately and ancient Science musham damodhar91+09441816605, musham@gmail.com machine

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JESUS ON Byzantine cup shape coin

JESUS ON Byzantine cup shape coin

The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, known to its inhabitants as the Roman Empire, the Empire of the Romans was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct succession to the ancient Roman Emperors. The Empire preserved Romano-Hellenistic traditions, but due to the increasing predominance of the Greek language, it became known to most of its western and northern contemporaries, but also to the Armenians, usually as the Empire of the Greeks. In the Islamic world it was known primarily as Rûm “Rome.The term “Byzantine Empire” was popularized by historians during the 16th–19th centuries.

The Eastern Roman Empire’s evolution from the ancient Roman Empire is sometimes dated from Emperor Constantine I’s transfer of the capital from Nicomedia (in Anatolia) to Byzantium on the Bosphorus, which became Constantinople (alternatively “New Rome”). By the 7th century, increased eastern cultural influences, reforms by Emperor Heraclius, and the adoption of Greek as the official language, distinguished the later Roman character from its ancient character.

During its thousand-year existence the Empire remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, despite setbacks and territorial losses, especially during the Roman–Persian and Byzantine–Arab Wars. After the Komnenian restoration briefly re-established dominance in the 12th century, the Empire slipped into a long decline, with the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars culminating in the Fall of Constantinople and its remaining territories to the Muslim Ottoman Turks in the 15th century.

Flag of Palaeologus Emperor

Coat of arms Palaiologos-Dynasty-Eagle

roman cup shape coins,byzantine flag,jesus on coin,

Byzantine cup shape coin

roman cup shape coins,byzantine flag,jesus on coin,BACK

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CHOLA’S WHO RULED SOUTH EAST ASIA

CHOLA’S WHO RULED SOUTH EAST ASIA

CHOLA’S WHO RULED SOUTH EAST ASIA,indonesia,java,combodia and onwards

According to Tamil tradition, the old Chola country comprised the region that includes the modern-day Tiruchirapalli District and the Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu. The river Kaveri and its tributaries dominate this landscape of generally flat country that gradually slopes towards the sea, unbroken by major hills or valleys. The river Kaveri, also known as Ponni (golden) river, had a special place in the culture of Cholas. The annual floods in the Kaveri marked an occasion for celebration, Adiperukku, in which the whole nation took part.

Kaverippattinam on the coast near the Kaveri delta was a major port town. Ptolemy knew of this and the other port town of Nagappattinam as the most important centres of Cholas.These two towns became hubs of trade and commerce and attracted many religious faiths, including Buddhism.Roman ships found their way into these ports. Roman coins dating from the early centuries of the common era have been found near the Kaveri delta.

The other major towns were Thanjavur, Uraiyur and Kudanthai, now known as Kumbakonam. After Rajendra Chola moved his capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Thanjavur lost its importance.The later Chola kings moved around their capitals frequently and made cities such as Chidambaram, Madurai and Kanchipuram their regional capitals.

Nature of government
In the age of the Cholas, the whole of South India was, for the first time, brought under a single government, when a serious attempt was made to face and solve the problems of public administration. The Cholas’ system of government was monarchical, as in the Sangam age. However, there was little in common between the local chiefdoms of the earlier time and the imperial-like states of Rajaraja Chola and his successors.

The Chola Empire comprised the entire south Indian peninsula,DURING 9-1150 AD extending east to west from coast to coast, and bounded to the north by an irregular line along the Tungabhadra river and the Vengi frontier. Although Vengi had a separate political existence, it was closely connected to the Chola Empire and, for all practical purposes, the Chola dominion extended up to the banks of the Godavari river.Tanjavur, and later, Gangaikonda Cholapuram were the imperial capitals. However both Kanchipuram and Madurai were considered to be regional capitals, in which occasional courts were held. The king was the supreme commander and a benevolent dictator. His administrative role consisted of issuing oral commands to responsible officers when representations were made to him. A powerful bureaucracy assisted the king in the tasks of administration and in executing his orders. Due to the lack of a legislature or a legislative system in the modern sense, the fairness of king’s orders dependent on the goodness of the man and in his belief in Dharma—a sense of fairness and justice.

The Chola kings built temples and endowed them with great wealth.[8][98] The temples acted not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity, benefiting their entire community.

Local government

Every village was a self-governing unit. A number of villages constituted a larger entity known as a Kurram, Nadu or Kottram, depending on the area. A number of Kurrams constituted a valanadu. These structures underwent constant change and refinement throughout the Chola period

Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire; minor disputes were settled at the village level.Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment. Even crimes such as manslaughter or murder were punished with fines. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were heard and decided by the king himself; the typical punishment in these cases was either execution or the confiscation of property.

CHOLA'S WHO RULED SOUTH EAST ASIA,indonesia,java,combodia and onwards

chola rare big rajaraja hindi

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